CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY
1.1 Chemistry and Environmental Chemistry
1.2 A Mini-Course in Chemistry
1.3 The Building Blocks of Matter
1.4 Chemical Bonds and Compounds
1.5 Chemical Reactions and Equations
1.6 Numbers in Chemistry: Exponential notation
1.7 Significant Figures and Uncertainties in Numbers
1.8 Measurement and Systems of Measurement
1.9 Units of Mass
1.10 U nits of Length
1.11 Units of Volume
1.12 Temperature, Heat, and Energy
1.13 Pressure
1.14 Units and Their Use in Calculations
CHAPTER 2 MATTER AND PROPERTIES OF MATTER
2.1 What is Matter?
2.2 Classification of Matter
2.3 Quantity of Matter: the Mole
2.4 Physical Properties of Matter
2.5 States of Matter
2.6 Gases
2.7 Liquids and Solutions
2.8 Solids
2.9 Thermal properties
2.10 Separation and Characterization of Matter
CHAPTER 3 ATOMS AND ELEMENTS
3.1 Atoms and Elements
3.2 The Atomic Theory
3.3 Subatomic Particles
3.4 The Basic Structure of the Atom
3.5 Development of the Periodic Table
3.6 Hydrogen, the Simplest Atom
3.7 Helium, the First Atom With a Filled Electron Shell
3.8 Lithium, the First Atom With BothInner and Outer Electrons
3.9 The Second Period, Elements 4–10
3.10 Elements 11–20, and Beyond
3.11 A More Detailed Look at Atomic Structure
3.12 Quantum and Wave Mechanical Models of Electrons in Atoms
3.13 Energy Levels of Atomic Orbitals
3.14 Shapes of Atomic Orbitals
3.15 Electron Configuration
3.16 Electrons in the First 20 Elements
3.17 Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table
CHAPTER 4 CHEMICAL BONDS, MOLECULES, AND COMPOUNDS
4.1 Chemical Bonds and Compound Formation
4.2 Chemical Bonding and the Octet Rule
4.3 Ionic Bonding
4.4 Fundamentals of Covalent Bonding
4.5 Covalent Bonds in Compounds
4.6 Some Other Aspects of Covalent Bonding
4.7 Chemical Formulas of Compounds
4.8 The Names of Chemical Compounds
4.9 Acids, Bases, and Salts
CHAPTER 5 CHEMICAL REACTIONS, EQUATIONS, AND
STOICHIOMETRY
5.1 The Sentences of Chemistry
5.2 The Information in a Chemical Equation
5.3 Balancing Chemical Equations
5.4 Will a Reaction Occur?
5.5 How Fast Does a Reaction Go?
5.6 Classification of Chemical Reactions
5.7 Quantitative Information from Chemical Reactions
5.8 What is Stoichiometry and Why is it Important?
CHAPTER 6 ACIDS, BASES, AND SALTS
6.1 The Importance of Acids, Bases, and Salts
6.2 The Nature of Acids, Bases, and Salts
6.3 Conductance of Electricity by Acids, Bases, and Salts in Solution
6.4 Dissociation of Acids and Bases in Water
6.5 The Hydrogen Ion Concentration and Buffers
6.6 pH and the Relationship Between Hydrogen Ion and Hydroxide Ion Concentrations
6.7 Preparation of Acids
6.8 Preparation of Bases
6.9 Preparation of Salts
6.10 Acid Salts and Basic Salts
6.11 Names of Acids, Bases, and Salts
CHAPTER 7 SOLUTIONS
7.1 What are Solutions? Why are they Important?
7.2 Solvents
7.3 Water—A Unique Solvent
7.4 The Solution Process and Solubility
7.5 Solution Concentrations
7.6 Standard Solutions and Titrations
7.7 Physical Properties of Solutions
7.8 Solution Equilibria
7.9 Colloidal Suspensions
CHAPTER 8 CHEMISTRY AND ELECTRICITY
8.1 Chemistry and Electricity
8.2 Oxidation and Reduction
8.3 Oxidation-Reduction in Solution
8.4 The Dry Cell
8.5 Storage Batteries
8.6 Using Electricity to Make Chemical Reactions Occur
8.7 Electroplating
8.8 Fuel Cells
8.9 Solar Cells
8.10 Reaction Tendency
8.11 Effect of Concentration: Nernst Equation
8.12 Natural Water Purification Processes
8.13 Water Reuse and Recycling
CHAPTER 9 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
9.1 Organic Chemistry
9.2 Hydrocarbons
9.3 Organic Functional Groups and Classes of Organic Compounds
9.4 Synthetic Polymers
CHAPTER 10 BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY
10.1 Biochemistry
10.2 Biochemistry and the Cell
10.3 Proteins
10.4 Carbohydrates
10.5 Lipids
10.6 Enzymes
10.7 Nucleic Acids
10.8 Recombinant DNA and Genetic Engineering
10.9 Metabolic Processes
CHAPTER 11 ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY OF WATER
11.1 Introduction
11.2 The Properties of Water, a Unique Substance
11.3 Sources and Uses of Water: the Hydrologic Cycle
11.4 The Characteristics of Bodies of Water
11.5 Aquatic Chemistry
11.6 Nitrogen Oxides in the Atmosphere
11.7 Metal Ions and Calcium in Water
11.8 Oxidation-Reduction
11.9 Complexation and Chelation
11.10 Water Interactions with Other Phases
11.11 Aquatic Life
11.12 Bacteria
11.13 Microbially Mediated Elemental Transistions and Cycles
CHAPTER 12 WATER POLLUTION
12.1 Nature and Types of Water Pollutants
12.2 Elemental Pollutants
12.3 Heavy Metal
12.4 Metalloid
12.5 Organically Bound Metals and Metalloids
12.6 Inorganic Species
12.7 Algal Nutrients and Eutrophications
12.8 Acidity, Alkalinity, and Salinity
12.9 Oxygen, Oxidants, and Reductants
12.10 Organic Pollutants
12.11 Pesticides in Water
12.12 Polychlorinated Biphenyls
12.13 Radionuclides in the Aquatic Environment
CHAPTER 13 WATER TREATMENT
13.1 Water Treatment and Water Use
13.2 Municipal Water Treatment
13.3 Treatment of Water For Industrial Use
13.4 Sewage Treatment
13.5 Industrial Wastewater Treatment
13.6 Removal of Solids
13.7 Removal of Calcium and Other Metals
13.8 Removal of Dissolved Organics
13.9 Removal of Dissolved Inorganics
13.10 Sludge
13.11 Water Disinfection
13.12 Natural Water Purification Processes
13.13 Water Reuse and Recycling
CHAPTER 14 THE ATMOSPHERE AND ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY
14.1 The Atmosphere and Atmospheric Chemistry
14.2 Importance of the Atmosphere
14.3 Physical Characteristics of the Atmosphere
14.4 Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere
14.5 Atmospheric Mass Transfer, Meteorology, and Weather
14.6 Inversions and Air Pollution
14.7 Global Climate and Microclimate
14.8 Chemical and Photochemical Reactions in the Atmosphere
14.9 Acid–Base Reactions in the Atmosphere
14.10 Reactions of Atmospheric Oxygen
14.11 Reactions of Atmospheric Nitrogen
14.12 Atmospheric Water
CHAPTER 15 INORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Particles in the Atmosphere
15.3 The Composition of Inorganic Particles
15.4 Effects of Particles
15.5 Control of Particulate Emissions
15.6 Carbon Oxides
15.7 Sulfur Dioxide Sources and the Sulfur Cycle
15.8 Nitrogen Oxides in the Atmosphere
15.9 Acid Rain
15.10 Fluorine, Chlorine, and their Gaseous Compounds
15.11 Hydrogen Sulfide, Carbonyl Sulfide, and Carbon Disulfide
CHAPTER 16 ORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS AND PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG
16.1 Organic Compounds in the Atmosphere
16.2 Organic Compounds from Natural Sources
16.3 Pollutant Hydrocarbons
16.4 Nonhydrocarbon Organic Compounds in the Atmosphere
16.5 Photochemical Smog
16.6 Smog-Forming Automotive Emissions
16.7 Smog-Forming Reactions of Organic Compounds in the
Atmosphere
16.8 Mechanisms of Smog Formation
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16.9 Inorganic Products from Smog
16.10 Effects of Smog
CHAPTER 17 THE GEOSPHERE AND GEOCHEMISTRY
17.1 Introduction
17.2 The Nature of Solids in the Geosphere
17.3 Physical Form of the Geosphere
17.5 Clays
17.6 Geochemistry
17.7 Groundwater in the Geosphere
17.8 Environmental Aspects of the Geosphere
17.9 Earthquakes
17.10 Volcanoes
17.11 Surface Earth Movement
17.12 Stream and River Phenomena
17.13 Phenomena at the Land/Ocean Interface
17.14 Phenomena at the Land/Atmosphere Interface
17.15 Effects of Ice
17.16 Effects of Human Activities
17.17 Air Pollution and the Geosphere
17.18 Water Pollution and the Geosphere
17.19 Waste Disposal and the Geosphere
CHAPTER 18 SOIL ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY
18.1 Soil and Agriculture
18.2 Nature and Composition of Soil
18.3 Acid-Base and Ion Exchange Reactions in Soils
18.4 Macronutrients in Soil
18.5 Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium in Soil
18.6 Micronutrients in Soil
18.7 Fertilizers
18.8 Wastes and Pollutants in Soil
18.9 Soil Loss and Degradation
18.10 Genetic Engineering and Agriculture
18.11 Agriculture and Health
CHAPTER 19 INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY
19.1 Introduction and History
19.2 Industrial Ecosystems
19.3 The Five Major Components of an Industrial Ecosystem
19.4 Industrial Metabolism
19.5 Levels of Materials Utilization
19.6 Links to Other Environmental Spheres
19.7 Consideration of Environmental Impacts in Industrial Ecology
19.8 Three Key Attributes: Energy, Materials, Diversity © 2001 CRC Press LLC
19.9 Life Cycles: Expanding and Closing the Materials Loop
19.10 Life-Cycle Assessment
19.11 Consumable, Recyclable, and Service (Durable) Products
19.12 Design for Environment
19.13 Overview of an Integrated Industrial Ecosystem
19.14 The Kalundborg Example
19.15 Societal Factors and the Environmental Ethic
CHAPTER 20 GREEN CHEMISTRY FOR A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE
20.1 Introduction
20.2 The Key Concept of Atom Economy
20.3 Hazard Reduction
20.4 Feedstocks
20.5 Reagents
20.6 Media
20.7 The Special Importance of Solvents
20.8 Synthetic and Processing Pathways
20.9 The Role of Catalysts
20.10 Biological Alternatives
20.11 Applications of Green Chemistry
CHAPTER 21 NATURE, SOURCES, AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY OF HAZARDOUS WASTES
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Classification of Hazardous Substances and Wastes
21.3 Sources of Wastes
21.4 Flammable and Combustible Substances
21.5 Reactive Substances
21.6 Corrosive Substances
21.7 Toxic Substances
21.8 Physical Forms and Segregation of Wastes
21.9 Environmental Chemistry of Hazardous Wastes
21.10 Physical and Chemical Properties of Hazardous Wastes
21.11 Transport, Effects, and Fates of Hazardous Wastes
21.12 Hazardous Wastes and the Anthrosphere
21.13 Hazardous Wastes in the Geosphere
21.14 Hazardous Wastes in the Hydrosphere
21.15 Hazardous Wastes in the Atmosphere
21.16 Hazardous Wastes in the Biosphere
CHAPTER 22 INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY FOR WASTE MINIMIZATION, UTILIZATION, AND TREATMENT
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Waste Reduction and Minimization
22.3 Recycling
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22.4 Physical Methods of Waste Treatment
22.5 Chemical Treatment: An Overview
22.6 Photolytic Reactions
22.7 Thermal Treatment Methods
22.8 Biodegradation of Wastes
22.9 Land Treatment and Composting
22.10 Preparation of Wastes for Disposal
22.11 Ultimate Disposal of Wastes
22.12 Leachate and Gas Emissions
22.13 In-Situ Treatment
CHAPTER 23 TOXICOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY
23.1 Introduction to Toxicology and Toxicological Chemistry
23.2 Dose-Response Relationships
23.3 Relative Toxicities
23.4 Reversibility and Sensitivity
23.5 Xenobiotic and Endogenous Substances
23.6 Toxicological Chemistry
23.7 Kinetic Phase and Dynamic Phase
23.8 Teratogenesis, Mutagenesis, Carcinogenesis, and Effects on the Immune
and Reproductive Systems
23.9 ATSDR Toxicological Profiles
23.10 Toxic Elements and Elemental Forms
23.11 Toxic Inorganic Compounds
23.12 Toxic Organometallic Compounds
23.13 Toxicological Chemistry of Organic Compounds
CHAPTER 24 INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY, RESOURCES, AND ENERGY
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Minerals in the Geosphere
24.3 Extraction and Mining
24.4 Metals
24.5 Metal Resources and Industrial Ecology
24.6 Nonmetal Mineral Resources
24.7 Phosphates
24.8 Sulfur
24.9 Wood—a Major Renewable Resource
24.10 The Energy Problem
24.11 World Energy Resources
24.12 Energy Conservation
24.13 Energy Conversion Processes
24.14 Petroleum and Natural Gas
24.15 Coal
24.16 Nuclear Fission Power
24.17 Nuclear Fusion Power
24.18 Geothermal Energy
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24.19 The Sun: an Ideal Energy Source
24.20 Energy from Biomass
24.21 Future Energy Sources
24.22 Extending Resources through the Practice of Industrial Ecology
CHAPTER 25 FUNDAMENTALS OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
25.1 Nature and Importance of Chemical Analysis
25.2 The Chemical Analysis Process
25.3 Major Categories of Chemical Analysis
25.4 Error and Treatment of Data
25.5 Gravimetric Analysis
25.6 Volumetric Analysis: Titration
25.7 Spectrophotometric Methods
25.8 Electrochemical Methods of Analysis
25.9 Chromatography
25.10 Mass Spectrometry
25.11 Automated Analyses
25.12 Immunoassay Screening
CHAPTER 26 ENVIRONMENTAL AND XENOBIOTICS ANALYSIS
26.1 Introduction to Environmental Chemical Analysis
26.2 Analysis of Water Samples
26.3 Classical Methods of Water Analysis
26.4 Instrumental Methods of Water Analysis
26.5 Analysis of Wastes and Solids
26.6 Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure
26.7 Atmospheric Monitoring
26.8 Analysis of Biological Materials and Xenobiotics